THE HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE
KNOWLEDGE HAS CHANGED, BUT HAS INTELLIGENCE? How old is intelligence? What was it ten thousand years ago, and what is it today? Does knowledge expand intelligence, or is it intelligence that gives knowledge meaning? Humanity has progressed from stone tools to digital systems, from primitive shelters to skyscrapers, from gazing at the sky to sending spacecraft into space. Knowledge has accumulated, technology has advanced, and ways of life have changed. But has intelligence itself changed to the same extent amid all these transformations? Does having access to more knowledge today mean that human beings are more intelligent than those who lived in the past? Or is what has changed primarily the knowledge, tools, and opportunities through which intelligence operates? To answer this question, we must first distinguish between two concepts that are often confused: knowledge and intelligence. Then we must introduce a third concept into this distinction: consciousness. Is the history of...